Over the 20th century the US cities underwent some drastic changes. Since the end of World War II, American cities continued to grow spontaneously. First, dirt in streets became history as all streets were cemented with concrete or asphalt. With advent of strong steel girders, building had sparked upward, from three or two stories to hundreds and beyond. Moving along the streets was not only people and carriages, but new mechanical conveyances such as streetcars and automobiles. Garbage collection began and animals such as pigs and chicken that roamed the streets were no more. By 2006, more people lived in cities than in rural areas.
Suburbs
First, the number of urban edges dwellers continued to increase and by early 21st century, the composition of urban edge dwellers composed of upper and middle classes. Cheaper urban edge land and relaxed policies on its use attached to it drew those who worked in cities to live there. As a result of developments in newer modes of transport electric streetcars, urban edge manufacturing and vegetable production grew in scale. It is during the first half of 20th century that American suburbs attained their present reputation as home of middle class. As more people drove cars, small roads fanned out of main roads leading to unprecedented dispersion of the dwellers.
Rural Areas
For much of the 20th century many rural areas lost their population as more residents left for opportunities in expanding cities. However, the rural-urban migration stalled in 1970s as rural earnings outweighed cities earnings with rural development picking up in early 21st century. Racial diversity increased in rural areas during the 1990s and post 2000 period. Rural manufacturing has replaced agriculture dominance in rural areas as more labor force is engaged in manufacturing.
Foreclosure and credit crunch that have been experienced recently have effects on cities, suburbs and rural areas. First, due to credit crunch, many banks revised their lending policies and hence credits no longer become ease to get. As a result, housing construction slowed and people would were tempted to revert to rural areas where homes are available. Secondly, collapse in housing increased housing crisis as many people lost their homes for failure to repay loans. In addition, credit crunch increased cost of living in towns that could force people to move to the suburbs.
QUESTION 2
State California
Vision Statement to build a prosperous 21st century state where each resident is in reach of sound education, sanitation facilities such clean drinking water, decent housing, security and gender and racial equality.
Assets to be employed
It is possible to build a more prosperous economy through increasing knowledge on capital, meaning to use capital assets wisely to prosper and survive. This can be achieved through conducting public education on finance throughout the city to increase understanding about how capital and credit markets behave.
One strategy that can be used to make wise use of capital is through pooling of capital by residents to create one large pool from where investment on either real estate or stock markets is done. This would form the one of the states greatest assets.
Growth in information communication technology
From my own perspective, I see California having an opportunity to prosper through innovative information and communication technologies. The ICT industry provides technological innovation that can help state in achieving higher productivity and growth. Therefore, my goal will be to develop a rich base of ICT technologies skills that can stimulate innovation, competitiveness, and growth across all industries in California. To achieve this, I will make sure that California has a government committed in promoting ICT technologies, accessible and relevant education that builds ICT skills and operating environment that encourages ICT investment by potential investors.
Trade as an asset Trade contributes the highest percentage in the states gross domestic product and there I will seek to broaden and deepen the states export base (Ranharter, 2000). This will be realized through increasing the number of California companies engaged in exporting, helping current export develop new markets and advocate for Californias companies competing for foreign opportunities.
QUESTION THREE
The four strategies that have been put into use by the best performing metropolis can still be employed by Flint, MI MSA and other metropolis which are performing in a similar manner. It is only wise that the authorities in poorly performing metropolis reduce the costs of doing business. These will ensure that jobs are created and maintained in their respective areas. The second strategy should involve the education standards. It is important that the population in a metropolis has education acquired skills as almost everything that has to do with growth and development is knowledge based. The third strategy is to improve the service and hospitality industry. It was noted that the best performing cities have their service industry well organized and because of these they were able to do booming tourism business. The fourth strategy should involve the idea of reducing interest rates. It will be for the benefits of the cities to reduce the interest rates in order to attract investors. Low interest rates mean that there is a low cost of borrowing and this will induce people to borrow more in order to invest.
QUESTION FOUR
The major reason why there may be a reduced demand for housing is decline in population. The other reason is due to low income levels of inhabitants of a certain area. For a planner, heshe has to look at the causes of these two major reasons and then come up with ways of trying to improve the situation. The immediate thing that the planner should do in order to avert the layoff is to offer construction subsidies to construction companies. This will mean that construction costs will be reduced. As the major reason involves population decline, the planner ought to think about the causes of population decline in the city. The major reason of the population may be scarcity of jobs. In hisher plan, the city planner has to think about how to create jobs.
Heshe may do this by coming up with policies that will, for example, encourage investors to start industries in the city. The other reason why people may avoid settling in an area is negative stereotyping. This stereotyping may be related to crime levels in a certain area. If the city planner in our case realizes that the crime levels are high in this city, heshe should push the relevant security authorities to do something about it. There are other factors that may deter people from demanding houses in a certain area. These factors may have something to do with provision of certain social amenities like schools and health facilities. In addition, the availabilityunavailability of credit facilities determines whether people will or will not settle in an area. In his plan, the city planner should ensure that adequate social amenities are provided and policies regarding financial institutions should encourage developers to open even private financial institutions which will offer credit to local business population.
Today, planning official has to consider the following issues more deeply than a planner 30 years ago sustainability, land values, air pollution, traffic congestion, crime rates, zoning codes, and legislation. though the planners of today and those of the 1970s considered all or most of these issues, they did this with differing degrees of emphasis. For example, in the 1970s, the levels of traffic congestion were not as pronounced as they are today. In the current times, planners have to think of how to develop and at the same time decongest the already congested city. The issue of land value in the present times is a major issue in any development debate. For any developer making a budget for any development project, heshe has to consider the cost of land as this takes the better part of the budget. Thirty years ago land was not a major part in development budgets. Many legislative acts concerning planning have come up in the recent times. A planner has to take into consideration all these acts. Crime is another issue that a present planner has to mind. Today, there are eight times as many gangs as there were thirty years ago. This is another issue that gives present times planners a headache. In conclusion, the main thing here is that although both past and current planners dealt with similar issues, the issues that current planners are dealing with are more complicated and advanced, making planning work difficult.
Suburbs
First, the number of urban edges dwellers continued to increase and by early 21st century, the composition of urban edge dwellers composed of upper and middle classes. Cheaper urban edge land and relaxed policies on its use attached to it drew those who worked in cities to live there. As a result of developments in newer modes of transport electric streetcars, urban edge manufacturing and vegetable production grew in scale. It is during the first half of 20th century that American suburbs attained their present reputation as home of middle class. As more people drove cars, small roads fanned out of main roads leading to unprecedented dispersion of the dwellers.
Rural Areas
For much of the 20th century many rural areas lost their population as more residents left for opportunities in expanding cities. However, the rural-urban migration stalled in 1970s as rural earnings outweighed cities earnings with rural development picking up in early 21st century. Racial diversity increased in rural areas during the 1990s and post 2000 period. Rural manufacturing has replaced agriculture dominance in rural areas as more labor force is engaged in manufacturing.
Foreclosure and credit crunch that have been experienced recently have effects on cities, suburbs and rural areas. First, due to credit crunch, many banks revised their lending policies and hence credits no longer become ease to get. As a result, housing construction slowed and people would were tempted to revert to rural areas where homes are available. Secondly, collapse in housing increased housing crisis as many people lost their homes for failure to repay loans. In addition, credit crunch increased cost of living in towns that could force people to move to the suburbs.
QUESTION 2
State California
Vision Statement to build a prosperous 21st century state where each resident is in reach of sound education, sanitation facilities such clean drinking water, decent housing, security and gender and racial equality.
Assets to be employed
It is possible to build a more prosperous economy through increasing knowledge on capital, meaning to use capital assets wisely to prosper and survive. This can be achieved through conducting public education on finance throughout the city to increase understanding about how capital and credit markets behave.
One strategy that can be used to make wise use of capital is through pooling of capital by residents to create one large pool from where investment on either real estate or stock markets is done. This would form the one of the states greatest assets.
Growth in information communication technology
From my own perspective, I see California having an opportunity to prosper through innovative information and communication technologies. The ICT industry provides technological innovation that can help state in achieving higher productivity and growth. Therefore, my goal will be to develop a rich base of ICT technologies skills that can stimulate innovation, competitiveness, and growth across all industries in California. To achieve this, I will make sure that California has a government committed in promoting ICT technologies, accessible and relevant education that builds ICT skills and operating environment that encourages ICT investment by potential investors.
Trade as an asset Trade contributes the highest percentage in the states gross domestic product and there I will seek to broaden and deepen the states export base (Ranharter, 2000). This will be realized through increasing the number of California companies engaged in exporting, helping current export develop new markets and advocate for Californias companies competing for foreign opportunities.
QUESTION THREE
The four strategies that have been put into use by the best performing metropolis can still be employed by Flint, MI MSA and other metropolis which are performing in a similar manner. It is only wise that the authorities in poorly performing metropolis reduce the costs of doing business. These will ensure that jobs are created and maintained in their respective areas. The second strategy should involve the education standards. It is important that the population in a metropolis has education acquired skills as almost everything that has to do with growth and development is knowledge based. The third strategy is to improve the service and hospitality industry. It was noted that the best performing cities have their service industry well organized and because of these they were able to do booming tourism business. The fourth strategy should involve the idea of reducing interest rates. It will be for the benefits of the cities to reduce the interest rates in order to attract investors. Low interest rates mean that there is a low cost of borrowing and this will induce people to borrow more in order to invest.
QUESTION FOUR
The major reason why there may be a reduced demand for housing is decline in population. The other reason is due to low income levels of inhabitants of a certain area. For a planner, heshe has to look at the causes of these two major reasons and then come up with ways of trying to improve the situation. The immediate thing that the planner should do in order to avert the layoff is to offer construction subsidies to construction companies. This will mean that construction costs will be reduced. As the major reason involves population decline, the planner ought to think about the causes of population decline in the city. The major reason of the population may be scarcity of jobs. In hisher plan, the city planner has to think about how to create jobs.
Heshe may do this by coming up with policies that will, for example, encourage investors to start industries in the city. The other reason why people may avoid settling in an area is negative stereotyping. This stereotyping may be related to crime levels in a certain area. If the city planner in our case realizes that the crime levels are high in this city, heshe should push the relevant security authorities to do something about it. There are other factors that may deter people from demanding houses in a certain area. These factors may have something to do with provision of certain social amenities like schools and health facilities. In addition, the availabilityunavailability of credit facilities determines whether people will or will not settle in an area. In his plan, the city planner should ensure that adequate social amenities are provided and policies regarding financial institutions should encourage developers to open even private financial institutions which will offer credit to local business population.
Today, planning official has to consider the following issues more deeply than a planner 30 years ago sustainability, land values, air pollution, traffic congestion, crime rates, zoning codes, and legislation. though the planners of today and those of the 1970s considered all or most of these issues, they did this with differing degrees of emphasis. For example, in the 1970s, the levels of traffic congestion were not as pronounced as they are today. In the current times, planners have to think of how to develop and at the same time decongest the already congested city. The issue of land value in the present times is a major issue in any development debate. For any developer making a budget for any development project, heshe has to consider the cost of land as this takes the better part of the budget. Thirty years ago land was not a major part in development budgets. Many legislative acts concerning planning have come up in the recent times. A planner has to take into consideration all these acts. Crime is another issue that a present planner has to mind. Today, there are eight times as many gangs as there were thirty years ago. This is another issue that gives present times planners a headache. In conclusion, the main thing here is that although both past and current planners dealt with similar issues, the issues that current planners are dealing with are more complicated and advanced, making planning work difficult.
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